BEHIND THE HEADLINES As hate claims young victims, the search for answers intensifies

WASHINGTON, April 26 (JTA) — Now that hate has once again claimed the lives of innocent students, dumbfounded activists, teachers, clergy and politicians are searching for ways to stem the tide of teen-age violence. “We need to sort out what’s around in our world that’s facilitating this kind of thing happening,” Rabbi Fred Greenspahn, of Congregation Beth Shalom in Littleton, Colo., said April 21, one day after two heavily armed students opened fire in their suburban Denver high school, killing 12 students and one teacher, before killing themselves. “Who are these kids, and why do these things happen?” Greenspahn wondered in a telephone interview, as his community reeled from the shock of the tragedy. Police identified the perpetrators as Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, both of whom authorities said were members of a group known as the “Trenchcoat Mafia.” Classmates at Columbine High School told local media that members of the group had been obsessed with World War II-era Germany and had spoken openly about April 20 being Adolf Hitler’s birthday. Members of the group, including Klebold, whose mother was raised Jewish, wore Nazi symbols, traded Nazi salutes in the hallways and painted graffiti, including swastikas, in the school’s bathroom. Klebold’s great-grandfather, Leo Yassenoff, was a prominent Jew in Columbus, Ohio, where the Jewish Community Center is named after him. While Klebold apparently was raised as a Lutheran, he reportedly read the Four Questions at a Passover seder his family held earlier this month. A Lutheran priest conducted a private funeral last weekend. In a statement, the Klebold family said their “sadness and grief over his death and this tragedy is indescribable.” In Denver, the Jewish community canceled its planned celebration of Israel’s Independence Day on Wednesday evening, choosing instead to hold a memorial service for the victims, none of whom were Jewish. An Israeli youth choir visiting for the Yom Ha’atzmaut event sang both at the Jewish community-sponsored memorial as well as a vigil sponsored by the city of Denver. Dr. Carl Raschke, the author of “Painted Black,” which explores violent youth culture, told the Denver Post it appears that the group operates under “a heavy code of neo-Nazism.” That the massacre occurred on Hitler’s birthday “probably explains a lot more than we want to imagine,” he told the newspaper. “These kids see themselves as young storm troopers,” said Raschke, a professor of religious studies at the University of Denver. “They want to honor the memory of the master and these kids seriously look to Hitler the same way that young blacks look to Martin Luther King and the way many Christians look to Jesus.” Although the students may have had neo-Nazi ties, they apparently did not target Jews in the shooting. Aaron Cohn was hiding under a table in the Columbine High School library when one of the perpetrators pressed a gun to his head. “All jocks stand up. We’re going to kill every one of you,” the gunman said, according to Cohn. Cohn told local media that his life was spared when the shooter shifted his attention to a black student nearby and fired, saying, “I hate niggers.” Doctors said 12 of the 15 dead, including the assailants, were found in the library where Cohn hid. Another student, Jenni LaPlante, told the Denver Post she had asked members of the six-member strong group, “’Why do you guys wear all that German stuff? Are you Nazis?’ And they would say, ‘Yeah, Heil Hitler.’ ” LaPlante told the newspaper that she never knew whether the suspects were joking or not. Only a handful of Jewish students attend the high school, according to local residents. One has complained of an anti-Semitic atmosphere created by the same “jocks” targeted by the shooters this week. Steven Greene, the father of a Jewish student at the school, has complained to school officials about a climate of anti-Semitism, according to the Intermountain Jewish News. Although the “Trenchcoat Mafia” appears to have adopted some neo-Nazi ideology, it does not appear to be central to their beliefs, according to local Anti-Defamation League officials in Denver who have been in touch with the local police. The police said they found hate material in the suspects’ homes. And two months earlier, researchers at the Simon Wiesenthal Center, who have identified more than 1,500 Internet sites espousing hate and bigotry, had come across two sites promoting anarchy that were apparently linked to the Littleton student group. “There have always been misfits and outsiders at schools, but what we seem to be getting now is a whole subculture coming together online and magnifying the chances of mayhem,” said Rabbi Abraham Cooper, associate dean of the Los Angeles-based Wiesenthal Center. In their rampage, police said, the shooters deployed lethal pipe bombs, propane-filled shrapnel explosives and plastic containers filled with gasoline and soap. During a news conference April 21 in Los Angeles, Cooper displayed illustrations taken from a dozen Web sites, giving precise instructions on how to make such deadly weapons. “We can’t blame the government or police for what happened,” Cooper said. “It’s a matter of education, and also high time for Internet service providers to set standards for dealing with hate groups using their services. Abraham Foxman, ADL’s national director, agreed. “Education is the only antidote we have to racism, bigotry and anti-Semitism.” He added: “There’s no vaccine or silver bullet.” ADL’s “World of Difference” curriculum on tolerance has reached 300,000 teachers, Foxman said, suggesting that tolerance education should be elevated to the same status given English, math and science. The Wiesenthal Center on Wednesday sent a letter to President Clinton, urging him to recommend a national curriculum on tolerance and civility for all of America’s schools. Some are questioning the laws that prevent police from investigating a group until a crime is committed. “Maybe we should re-examine” such laws “within constitutional standards,” Foxman said. “We have to be a lot more creative to be proactive to find out what these groups are.” Many others, like the local Littleton rabbi, are searching for answers. “It’s important for us to understand this does not only happen in places we associate with violence,” said Greenspahn. “This is not a problem of them, it’s a problem of us.” (JTA correspondent Tom Tugend in Los Angeles contributed to this report.)