Mayer Grosman thinks back to Feb. 2, 1944, all the time. French policemen and militia members came to his parents’ apartment in Paris with orders to take two Grosman males — Grosman, age 6, and his father.
But Grosman’s grandfather, whose name was not on the paper, insisted on going in place of 6-year-old Mayer. After jewelry and money exchanged hands, the police and militia agreed.
Grosman’s father and grandfather, both Polish-born Jews, were taken on a train of the SNCF, the French national railway, to the Drancy internment camp north of Paris. From there, another SNCF train took them to Auschwitz, where they were gassed.
Grosman’s mother took him and his sister and hit the road, hiding in French homes and churches. They survived the war.
Grosman, along with other deportees’ families, received a settlement worth about $24,000 from the French government in 2000. But when Alain Lipietz, a French deputy in the European Parliament whose father and uncle were rounded up and sent to a holding area during the war won a cash indemnity worth about $77,000 from the SNCF — the railway is appealing the case — Grosman decided he’d sue as well.
“I’ve never forgotten and never forgiven,” said Grosman, 68. “I want recognition, and if my children and grandchildren can receive financial compensation, all the better.”
More than 1,000 people, both Jews and non-Jews, have filed similar claim letters since the Lipietz case in Toulouse last summer. Under French law, the SNCF must respond to each letter individually within two months, or legal proceedings begin automatically.
Jewish community leaders in France have come out against claims on the SNCF. They argue that of all the state-run institutions active during World War II — including banks, insurance companies, the education system and many others run by high-level civil servants in prestigious posts — SNCF officials have made the greatest effort to be transparent and truthful in explaining their wartime activities to the French public.
“I understand the families,” said Roger Cukierman, head of the CRIF, the umbrella organization of French Jewish groups. “I can feel their pain, but the SNCF has really made an effort to put together exhibits in train stations and other educational tools. If people take the SNCF to court, they could begin doing the same with other state-run groups such as the police, and then why not private companies? I understand the claims, but is this the right path to take?”
CRIF officials and community leaders — such as Serge Klarsfeld, the well-known Nazi-hunter, lawyer and head of the Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France — have criticized the lawsuits, but the CRIF has taken no official position.
The story gets more complicated. Klarsfeld’s son, Arno, was highly praised in 1998 for representing plaintiffs in the trial against Maurice Papon, a Vichy police boss who directed deportations from Bordeaux and went on to a decorated civil service career.
Arno Klarsfeld now represents the SNCF in New York, where deportees’ families filed a class action suit against the French railway. He also works closely with Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy on providing legal papers to certain illegal immigrants in France, leading some to charge that his SNCF work is politically motivated.
Neither Serge nor Arno Klarsfeld returned phone calls for this article.
Historians consider the Holocaust the industrialization of mass murder on an unprecedented scale. In France, that industrialization is represented by the SNCF’s efficiency in deporting mostly Jews, but also Resistance fighters and even railway workers who joined the Resistance.
“Right after the war, De Gaulle did a brilliant thing,” said Corinne Hershkovitch, a lawyer representing some 500 families who have launched claims against the SNCF. “All the major institutions, the banks, insurance companies, construction companies and so on, were issued a presidential pardon for collaborating with the Nazi regime, in the interest of French national unity. He managed to convince the French people that France had won the war.”
Among the groups receiving the pardon, which was political and not judicial, was the SNCF. But now the railway has a dilemma on its hands: There are no class action suits in France, so each of those 1,000 letters could lead to a hearing or trial.
An SNCF official said the letters were being answered individually and not with a form response.
However, SNCF General Director Guillaume Pepy told a Paris TV station earlier this year that “the SNCF board has decided to reject the requests by plaintiffs for cash indemnities to be paid by the railway. The SNCF was requisitioned and was acting under constraints from the Nazi regime. We think it would be unfair and a historical error to find the SNCF guilty for the deportations.”
Hershkovitch disagrees.
“This is the continuation of the Papon trial. Papon was the first individual to take the stand, and the SNCF may be the first company,” she said.
The SNCF officially opened its wartime archives in 1992. The Bachelier Report, commissioned by the SNCF and written by a private French institute, was issued in 1996 and made available to the public in 1998, revealing some ugly details.
For example, the reported noted that the Nazis asked for big barrels of water to be placed in each train car so people could quench their thirst on the trip to Auschwitz.
“French SNCF officials at the time refused to do so,” Hershkovitch said. “They said putting barrels of water in each car could easily delay the trains and upset the schedule. They said that their job was to keep the trains rolling on time.”
Another lawyer handling more than 400 claims, Avi Bitton, said it was normal to ask for financial reparations, “even though the French quickly link the money with the claimants being mostly Jews, and that is negative.
“The SNCF role was about money from the very beginning,” Bitton said. “According to the Bachelier Report, the French railway billed the Vichy government for every person who was deported. And they billed Vichy for the use of third-class cars, but put the deportees in cattle wagons.”
“The high-level officials at the SNCF knew exactly what they were doing,” said William Wajnryb, who also is suing the railway. “The French police arrested my father on May 8, 1941. The SNCF took him to the Pithiviers camp in France and then to Auschwitz, where he was gassed 48 hours later. They made money by deporting my father.”
Wajnryb saw the Lipietz case on TV, and found his lawyer on an American Web site.
The Lipietz case “case opened a breach, and I jumped in,” he said.
Wajnryb said he had asked for about $220,000, but is sure it will be refused. He figures that an out-of-court settlement is probably the best solution for everyone, because trials and appeals could take years.
“I never knew my father,” Wajnryb said. “I never did anything for him. By making a claim like this, I feel like I’m walking hand-in-hand with him. I’m bringing him back from the dead across the time barrier. This is how I feel.”
The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practices of the time they were published.
