Candlelighting, Readings:
Shabbat candles; 6:58 p.m.
Torah: Deut. 21:10-25:19
Haftarah: Isaiah 54:1-10
Havdalah: 7:56 p.m.
“You shall make ritual fringes on the four kanfot [corners, literally wings] of the garment with which you cover yourself. When a man marries a woman and he cohabits with her…” [Deuteronomy 22:12-13].
These two commandments, for a man to append ritual fringes on each four cornered garment he puts on and for a man to marry a woman, follow each other in our biblical text. Is there a connection? We can explain the juxtaposition by analyzing an interesting Sephardi custom that has become part of many Ashkenazi wedding ceremonies, especially in Israel.
The traditional Jewish wedding is composed of two distinct ceremonies: the betrothal (engagement, or kiddushin), whose major characteristic is the groom’s declaring, “Behold, you are consecrated unto me with this ring in accordance with the laws of Moses and of Israel,” and then giving that ring to his bride in front of two witnesses. From that moment on, the couple cannot enter any other romantic relationship.
In Mishnaic times, and perhaps even beyond, the bride and groom did not live together after the betrothal. The respective families would get to know each other, the groom would arrange a home for his bride, and the bride would gather her trousseau. Generally, after one year had passed, the second ceremony, the marriage itself (nissuin) took place. The groom would then take the bride into their new home, supply a feast for family and friends, the seven nuptial blessings would be recited, and then — in the privacy of their new dwelling — the marriage would be consummated.
Later, in Amoraic times, the Sages felt it was impractical to keep a couple apart for an entire year, so the two ceremonies were merged. In order to retain the separate nature of each, the reading of the ketubah (the wedding contract in which the husband obligates himself to love and respect his wife, and provide her with a life insurance and alimony policy) is read aloud between the giving of the ring and the act of marriage, in which the seven blessings are recited under the wedding canopy. The canopy symbolizes the new home they are about to enter.
The Sephardi custom is for the bride to give her groom a new tallit with ritual fringes appended to its four corners; the groom wraps himself in the tallit for the first time at the conclusion of the reading of the marriage contract, just before the recitation of the seven blessings under the nuptial canopy.
Just prior to his donning the tallit, the groom makes a special blessing (sheheheyanu), thanking God for granting him the privilege of celebrating this event. The blessing marks both the acquisition of the new tallit and the advent of the new marriage. The groom wraps the tallit around himself and his wife; both stand together under the tallit and under the wedding canopy, where they listen to the seven wedding blessings that conclude the ceremonies.
Two questions beg to be asked. First of all, one object cannot be used for two mitzvot, and here the tallit is being used both for a blessing over a new garment as well as for a blessing over a new marriage. Secondly, how can one compare the acquisition of a new garment to the acquisition of a new life partner? The source of the custom of the tallit is derived from the Scroll of Ruth. When this sincere Moabite convert has a nocturnal meeting with Boaz in the silo — and in effect informs him that she is ready to marry him — she makes herself known to him as “Ruth, your servant, over whom you have spread your wings [or more literally, “corner of protection”], because you are [my] redeemer” [Ruth 3:9].
Hence, by means of the Hebrew word kanaf, the ritual fringes are symbolic both of the 613 commandments — the “wings” that enable every Jew to soar to supernal spheres, as well as of the protective covering provided by the Almighty. That’s why Boaz used the same word in praising Ruth for forsaking her homeland and family in order to come “under the protective wings [corners] of the Lord God of Israel” [Ruth 2:12].
The wedding canopy symbolizes the new home. But what is truly the new home of a young couple? In Jewish tradition, it is the 613 commandments, the “wings of protection” which God provides, the tallit with its ritual fringes, that must become the spiritual walls of the home and family that the bride and groom are now building together.
Our only true home is the house of God, and this is the home provided by the tallit and its “wings,” the four corners of the canopy.
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The blessing over the tallit is the blessing over the marriage relationship; one must define the other. Therefore, the biblical connection between the mitzvah of the fringes and the mitzvah to marry finds a most worthy expression.
Rabbi Shlomo Riskin is chancellor of Ohr Torah Stone and chief rabbi of Efrat.
The Jewish Week welcomes freelance submissions to the Sabbath Week column. Please e-mail jonathan@jewishweek to determine if the week you’re interested in is available.
