NEW YORK (JTA) – Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, a philosopher and member of the U.K. House of Lords who served as Britain’s chief Orthodox rabbi from 1991 to 2013, is in America lecturing and promoting his latest book, “Not in God’s Name: Confronting Religious Violence
JTA: You’re a member of the House of Lords, you teach at King’s College London and New York University, and you travel the world lecturing. How do you have time to write, too?
Sacks: I used to take, when I was chief rabbi, six weeks in the summer, and instead of taking a holiday I’d write a book. You go into a kind of trance when that happens. I’d be thinking about it for the preceding year, so it wasn’t out of nothing. At the age of 40 I completed my first book, and I’ve done one a year since. I usually write the books I want to read. Long ago I made a list of the books that I think need to be written, and I just knock them off one by one.
You know what your next project will be already?
Well, I know what’s for the next 20 years, we should all live so long.
You have 20 lined up?
Oh, more. I’m sorry about that, but that’s how it goes.
What’s your next project?
I am writing a new commentary to the Chumash [the Bible]. There was a commentary — it’s still used in Anglo Jewry — called the Hertz Chumash, written by one of my predecessors. It is a commentary that asks: How do we set this against its historical background? What does it mean to us today? Nobody’s done a Hertz Chumash since Hertz a century ago and it’s an urgent necessity. ArtScroll anthologizes traditional commentaries and it’s done tremendously well. But they have not stepped outside that world of the yeshiva and said how do we make sense of this today?
That sounds almost Reform.
If Maimonides was a Reform Jew, then I suppose it is. But Maimonides wasn’t. That is the classic tradition. The rabbis formulated it in a very simple way: There’s the Written Law and Oral Law. Although the text never changes, you always need that act of interpretation to translate the word of God for all time into the word of God for this time. Generation after generation reads the same words and says: Was that then or is that now? There’s a mitzvah to live in our time.
There’s a lot of disagreement among Jews when it comes to interpretation.
Judaism is a religion of argument. It’s the classic environment. Judaism is a choral symphony scored by many voices. I don’t see that as a problem. I see that as a sign of vitality.
Tell me about your new book about religious violence.
I have tried to get to the roots of the historically fraught and potentially violent relationship between Jews, Christians and Muslims. [Those roots are] highly specific narratives in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and the Koran, all of which lead back to the stories of sibling rivalry in Genesis. Sibling rivalry, according to Sigmund Freud, is the primary driver of violence through history. It’s a very serious book to be read seriously by people who care for the future of humanity. It took me 12 years to write.
Is this a Jewish book?
“Not in God’s Name” was very consciously written for an audience that is predominantly not Jewish. It is directed to Jews, Christians and Muslims with equal emphasis on all three. I’m really trying to make a statement in the book, that navel-gazing is not necessarily the best answer for the Jewish people right now. We are living in a very dangerous world. The people of Israel are exposed to immense danger, and now is not the time for internecine, domestic squabbles. We have to stand hand in hand and shoulder to shoulder with Christians, moderate Muslims, secular humanists and people of other faiths in defense of religious freedom and humanitarian values. Because right now we are at one of the most dangerous turning points in history.
What’s the danger?
I don’t know if the West really knows what to do with radicalized political Islam. I don’t know if the Muslim world really knows what to do with it.
Do the Jews know what to do with it?
Fundamentalism is the attempt to impose a single truth on a plural world. Jews have always stood against that. We never went with the majority. We insisted on our right to be different. That is why Jews carry a very important message to the world. If you’re al-Qaida or ISIS, attempting soon or eventually to impose the caliphate on the world, you will have to oppose the Jews and the State of Israel because historically we were the ones who stood against them.
I imagine you’re often asked about anti-Semitism in Europe.
If it is not safe to be a Jew in Europe, it is not safe to be a human being in Europe, and if Europe ever lost its Jews it will have lost its soul. So this is a big problem. And the real trouble is that Jews continue to talk about it in a way that does not communicate itself to non-Jews. There’s a deep danger when the Jewish response to anti-Semitism is complaining to other Jews or using language that will only really be heard by other Jews. It’s the ultimate exercise in futility.
Is there a crisis of leadership in the Jewish world today?
There’s a crisis of leadership in the world. That is manifest. And there’s a great desire for magical leaders who will solve the problems of the world, and that leads to violence, tyranny and all sorts of bad things. So we are in a crisis of democratic leadership, I would say.
But what about in the Jewish world?
I’m very impressed by the rabbinate here in America. Not an easy position; it never was. I’ve traveled to a lot of communities and seen a lot of very, very impressive young Orthodox rabbis and young leaders.
Yeshiva University is beginning its search for its next president. Would you be interested in the job?
No comment.
This interview has been condensed for clarity.
